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51.
Assessment of surface water quality of selected estuaries of Malaysia: multivariate statistical techniques 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Multivariate statistical techniques such as cluster analysis (CA), factor analysis (FA) were used for the evaluation of spatial
variations and the interpretation of a large complex water quality data set of two selected estuaries of Malaysia. The two
locations of interest with 10 sites in each location were Kuala Juru (Juru estuary) and Bukit Tambun (Jejawi estuary). Cluster
analysis showed that some sites in both locations have similar sources of pollution from point or non-point sources whereas
FA yielded four factors which are responsible for water quality variations explaining more than 80% of the total variance
of the data set and allowed to group the selected water quality. Correlation analysis of the data showed that some parameters
have strong association with other parameters and they share a common origin source. This study illustrates the usefulness
of multivariate statistical analysis for evaluation and interpretation of complex data sets to get better information about
the pollution sources/factors and understanding the behavior of the parameters in water quality for effective river water
quality management. 相似文献
52.
Increasing concerns about the spread of airborne pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) have attracted public attention to bioaerosols and protection against them. The airborne pathogens are likely to be expelled from coughing or speaking, so the physical data of the exhaled particles plays a key role in analyzing the pathway of airborne viruses. The objective of this study was to analyze the initial velocity and the angle of the exhaled airflow from coughing and speaking of 17 males and 9 females using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and acrylic indoor chamber. The results showed that the average initial coughing velocity was 15.3 m/s for the males and 10.6 m/s for the females, while the average initial speaking velocity was 4.07 m/s and 2.31 m/s respectively. The angle of the exhaled air from coughing was around 38° for the males and 32° for the females, while that of the exhaled air from speaking was around 49° and 78° respectively. Also, the linear relation between the tested subject’s height and their coughing and speaking velocity was shown in this study. 相似文献
53.
Ronaldo Sousa Ângela Amorim Carina Sobral Elsa Froufe Simone Varandas Amílcar Teixeira Manuel Lopes-Lima 《Environmental management》2013,52(5):1230-1238
An important population of the critically endangered pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera (Linnaeus, 1758) was surveyed at the edge of its southern distribution (River Paiva, Portugal). Although an earlier study suggested that this population had a very low number of individuals (<500), a narrow distribution, and was mainly comprised by old specimens our data contradict these findings. Our assessment estimated a population with probably more than 5,000 individuals distributed across 80 km of the river length. From the 32 sites surveyed, 19 contained M. margaritifera with higher abundances verified in the middle and upper parts of the river (a maximum of 78 ind. per 100 m of river stretch was recorded). The pearl mussels showed a clear preference for areas near the banks, in shallow water, sandier and gravel sediments, and a high degree of riparian vegetation cover. The population structure was skewed with a very high percentage of large (and old) animals but 3.7 % of the individuals collected were juveniles (<60 mm in length); therefore, this population can be considered functional. Environmental characterization indicated that this river is still in excellent or good condition although some areas showed deterioration due to discharge of domestic effluents. The main conservation requirements of M. margaritifera in the River Paiva include maintaining the water quality (and if possible stopping the discharge of domestic effluents), increasing riparian vegetation cover, removing several weirs to increase connectivity, and increasing trout density. 相似文献
54.
Influence of support material on the immobilization of biomass for the degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in anaerobic reactors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lima de Oliveira L Silveira Duarte IC Sakamoto IK Amâncio Varesche MB 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(2):1261-1268
Two horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass reactors (HAIB) were used to study the degradation of the LAS surfactant: one filled with charcoal (HAIB1) and the other with a mixed bed of expanded clay and polyurethane foam (HAIB2). The reactors were fed with synthetic substrate supplemented with 14 mg l(-1)of LAS, kept at 30+/-2 degrees C and operated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 12h. The surfactant was quantified by HPLC. Spatial variation analyses were done to quantify organic matter and LAS consumption along the reactor length. The presence of the surfactant in the load did not affect the removal of organic matter (COD), which was close to 90% in both reactors for an influent COD of 550 mg l(-1). The results of a mass balance indicated that 28% of all LAS added to HAIB1 was removed by degradation. HAIB2 presented 27% degradation. Molecular biology techniques revealed microorganisms belonging the uncultured Holophaga sp., uncultured delta Proteobacterium, uncultured Verrucomicrobium sp., Bacteroides sp. and uncultured gamma Proteobacterium sp. The reactor with biomass immobilized on charcoal presented lower adsorption and a higher kinetic degradation coefficient. So, it was the most suitable support for LAS anaerobic treatment. 相似文献
55.
Alain Lenoir Am��lie Benoist Abraham Hefetz Wittko Francke Xim Cerd�� Rapha?l Boulay 《Chemoecology》2011,21(2):83-88
In the course of our studies on the chemical ecology of the widely distributed Mediterranean ant Aphaenogaster senilis, we found that trail following is triggered by extracts of the poison gland and Dufour’s gland. To assess the specificity
of the trail pheromone, we examined whether a cross-reaction exists between trails of A. senilis and the closely related species A. iberica. Specificity seemed to differ amongst these two species, because workers of A. senilis did not follow trails of A. iberica, whereas the latter followed trails made by both species. Chemical analyses of the glandular contents reveal that Dufour’s
glands of both species contain mainly alkanes and alkenes exhibiting species-specific profiles. However, differences in the
poison gland content of the two species were dramatic, with A. senilis showing high amounts of alkaloids that were completely absent in A. iberica. 相似文献
56.
Chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in sediments and molluscs from freshwater canals in the Hanoi region 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Nhan DD Carvalho FP Am NM Tuan NQ Yen NT Villeneuve JP Cattini C 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2001,112(3):311-320
The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs were determined in surface sediments and freshwater molluscs (Angulyagra sp.) from water canals in the region of Hanoi city. Results obtained show that the concentration of sigma DDT compounds in sediments range from 7 to 80 ng/g (dry weight) and from 6 to 864 ng/g (dry weight) in the soft tissues of molluscs. The concentrations of sigma DDTs were higher in populated sites and much lower in rural sites, indicating that the DDT has been used for mosquito control and not as a crop protection chemical. Hexachlocyclohexanes (HCHs) have also been widely used in the region but the current environmental concentrations are much lower than those of DDT's, which is due to the less persistence of those compounds. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured, for example as aroclor 1254, in concentrations up to 40 ng/g (dry weight) and up to 76 ng/g (dry weight) in sediments and molluscs, respectively. Molluscs from water canals are a very popular food in the region. Taking into consideration the high DDT levels measured in these molluscs their consumption is worrisome and may expose the population to high levels of endocrine disrupting substances. Current PCB levels in sediments are lower than usually measured in industrialized countries. Therefore, PCB concentrations in aquatic molluscs are still also relatively low. These snails do not have enzyme ability to metabolize most of the CB congeners and, thus, are passive accumulators and a significant transfer pathway of CBs to consumers. Therefore, measures to phase out the use of these persistent and bioaccumulable chemicals should be adopted in order to prevent further environmental contamination. 相似文献
57.
Monitoring the impact of dissolved oxygen and nitrite on anoxic biofilm in continuous denitrification process 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
An anoxic biofilm involved in continuous denitrificationprocess was monitored to investigate the effect of differentconcentrations of influent dissolved oxygen (DO) or nitrite onthe biofilm. Microelectrode measurements evidenced nitrateremoval activity of biofilm. When different concentrations ofDO were applied to the reactor, generally decreasedconcentrations of DO were observed as bed depth increased fromthe bottom of the reactor. Greatest decrease of the DO wasobserved in the lower 20% of the bed depth. Nitrate removalefficiency was inversely proportional to influent DOconcentrations (8.3-11.9 DO mg L-1) or nitrite loadingrates (0-5.5 N-NO2
- kg m-3 day-1) employed in this study. Nitrite loading rates to achieve morethan 90% of nitrate removal efficiency were 1.46 N-NO2
-kg m-3 day-1 or less at pH 7.5 and 0.34 N-NO2
- kg m-3 day-1 or less at pH 6.8. Nitrate removal efficiency was 63% or more within the lower 20% of the bed depth at the nitrite loading rates that allowed more than 90% of nitrate removal efficiency of the reactor. The results of this study provide first quantitative data that nitrate removalperformance of an anoxic biofilm is inhibited by DO or nitrite,reported to be a limiting factor in the suspended biologicaldenitrification process. 相似文献
58.
Cruz C Bio AM Jullioti A Tavares A Dias T Martins-Loução MA 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,154(3):414-423
Heterogeneity and dynamics of eight soil surface characteristics essential for plants—ammonium and nitrate concentrations, water content, temperature, pH, organic matter, nitrification and ammonification rates—were studied in a Mediterranean-type ecosystem on four occasions over a year. Soil properties varied seasonally and were influenced by plant species. Nitrate and ammonium were present in the soil at similar concentrations throughout the year. The positive correlation between them at the time of greatest plant development indicates that ammonium is a readily available nitrogen source in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. The results presented here suggest that plant cover significantly affects soil surface characteristics. 相似文献
59.
Annie‐Claude Parent François Anctil Véronique Cantin Marie‐Amélie Boucher 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(3):679-688
Abstract: Snowmelt largely affects runoff in watersheds in Nordic countries. Neural networks (NN) are particularly attractive for streamflow forecasting whereas they rely at least on daily streamflow and precipitation observations. The selection of pertinent model inputs is a major concern in NNs implementation. This study investigates performance of auxiliary NN inputs that allow short‐term streamflow forecasting without resorting to a deterministic snowmelt routine. A case study is presented for the Rivière des Anglais watershed (700 km2) located in Southern Québec, Canada. Streamflow (Q), precipitations (rain R and snow S, or total P), temperature (T) and snow lying (A) observations, combined with climatic and snowmelt proxy data, including snowmelt flow (QSM) obtained from a deterministic model, were tested. NN implemented with antecedent Q and R produced the largest gains in performance. Introducing increments of A and T to the NNs further improved the performance. Long‐term averages, seasonal data, and QSM failed to improve the networks. 相似文献
60.
Amélia Viricel Allan E. Strand Patricia E. Rosel Vincent Ridoux Pascale Garcia 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,63(2):173-185
Compared to terrestrial mammals, little is known of cetacean social systems as they are generally less accessible to behavioral
investigations due to their aquatic environment. The present study investigates group structure of the pelagic common dolphin,
Delphinus delphis, using genetic markers. Tissue samples from 52 individuals representing a recent live mass-stranding event were compared
to 42 single strandings taken from presumably different groups. The mass-stranding event occurred in 2002 on the French coast
of the English Channel, whereas the single strandings were collected between 1993 and 2003 along the western coast of France
(Bay of Biscay and English Channel). Analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region sequences indicated that genetic variability
within the mass-stranded pod was similar to variability observed in single strandings. The mass-stranded group was composed
of 41 different mitochondrial haplotypes or matrilines while the single strandings revealed 29 different haplotypes. Analysis
of 11 microsatellite loci revealed that average relatedness of the mass-stranded pod was not different from average relatedness
among all single strandings suggesting that individuals within the group had no closer kin relationships than animals taken
from presumably different groups. These results do not support a matriarchal system and suggest that common dolphins constituting
a pod are not necessarily genetically related. 相似文献